Dunnottar Castle (Scottish Gaelic: DÃÆ'¹n Fhoithear , "castle on the slope of the rack") is a damaged medieval fortress situated on a rocky headland on the northeastern coast of Scotland, about 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) south of Stonehaven. The surviving buildings are mostly from the 15th and 16th centuries, but the site is believed to have been enriched in the Early Middle Ages. Dunnottar has played an important role in Scottish history until the 18th century Jacobite because of its strategic location and defense forces. Dunnottar is best known as the place where Honors of Scotland, the crown jewel of Scotland, was hidden from invading armies of Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century. The Keiths property of the 14th century, and the Earl Marischal chair, Dunnottar declined after Earl last lost his title by taking part in the Jacob's rebellion in 1715. The castle was restored in the 20th century and is now open to the public.
The castle ruins are spread over 1.4 hectares (3.5 hectares), surrounded by steep cliffs that descend into the North Sea, 50 meters (160 feet) below. The narrow strip of land joins the cape to the mainland, along a steep path leading to the gate. The various buildings inside the castle include a 14th century tower house as well as a 16th century palace. Dunnottar Castle is a scheduled monument, and twelve buildings on this site are listed buildings.
Video Dunnottar Castle
Histori
Awal Abad Pertengahan
A chapel in Dunnottar is said to have been founded by St Ninian in the fifth century, though it is not clear when the site was first fortified, but in any case the legend is late and very unreasonable. Perhaps the earliest written reference to the site is found in the Annals of Ulster which recorded two siege "DÃÆ'ºn Foither" in 681 and 694. Previous events have been interpreted as an attack by Brude, king of the Pictir of Fortriu, to extend power over the coast of northeastern Scotland. The Scottish Chronicle notes that King Domnall II, the first ruler called rÃÆ' Alban (King Alba), was killed in Dunnottar during an attack by the Vikings in 900. King Aethelstan of Wessex led troops to Scotland in 934, to the north as far as Dunnottar according to Symeon of Durham report. W. D. Simpson speculates that the motte may be under the present caste, but the excavations of the 1980s failed to uncover substantive evidence of early medieval fortifications. The discovery of the Pictish rock group at Dunnicaer, a nearby pile of ocean, has prompted speculation that "DÃÆ'ºn Foither" is actually located on the adjacent Bowdun cape, 0.5 kilometers (0.31Ã, mi) in the north.
The Middle Middle End
During the reign of King William the Lion (reigned 1165-1214) Dunnottar was the seat of local government for The Mearns. The castle is named at Roman de Fergus, the romance of Arthur early in the 13th century, where Fergus's hero had to go to Dunnottar to retrieve his magic shield. In May 1276 a church on the site was ordained by William Wishart, Bishop of St. Andrews. The Blind poet Harry tells us that William Wallace captured Dunnottar from English in 1297, during the Scottish War of Independence. He is said to have imprisoned 4,000 British troops who lost in church and burned them alive. In 1336 Edward III of England ordered William Sinclair, 8th Baron of Roslin, to sail eight ships to a partially damaged Dunnottar for the purpose of rebuilding and fortifying the site as a further siphon base for the northern campaign. Sinclair brought along 160 soldiers, horses, and corps of masons and carpenters. Edward himself visited in July, but England's attempt was canceled before the end of the year when Scottish Regent Sir Andrew Murray led troops who captured and once again destroyed Dunnottar's defenses.
In the 14th century, Dunnottar was given to William de Moravia, the 5th Earl of Sutherland (died 1370), and in 1346 a license for crenellate was issued by David II. Around 1359 William Keith, Marischal of Scotland, married Margaret Fraser, Robert the Bruce's nephew, and was given Baroni Dunnottar at this time. Keith then handed over Dunnottar's land to his daughter, Christian and son-in-law William Lindsay of Byres, but in 1392 an exile was agreed upon where Keith regained Dunnottar and Lindsay took the land in Fife. William Keith completed the construction of a tower house in Dunnottar, but was excommunicated to build on the cleansed ground associated with the parish church. Keith had given the new parish church closer to Stonehaven, but was forced to write to the Pope, Benedict XIII, who took out a bull in 1395 to lift excommunication. The descendants of William Keith invented Earls Marischal in the mid-15th century, and they held Dunottar until the 18th century.
redevelopment of the 16th century
During the 16th century Keith increased and expanded their main seats: at Dunnottar and also at Keith Marischal in East Lothian. James IV visited Dunnottar in 1504, and in 1531 James V freed the Earls from the military service on the grounds that Dunnottar was one of the "principall strenthis of our realms". Mary, Queen of Scots, visited in 1562 after the Battle of Corrichie, and returned in 1564. James VI stayed for 10 days in 1580, as part of progress through Fife and Angus, where a meeting of the Advisory Boards was held at Dunnottar. During the rebellion of the Catholic nobles in 1592, Dunnottar was captured by Captain Carr on behalf of the Earl of Huntly, but returned to Lord Marischal just weeks later.
In 1581 George Keith succeeded as the 5th Earl Marischal, and began a large scale reconstruction that saw the medieval fortress converted into a more comfortable home. Founder of Marischal College in Aberdeen, the 5th Earl was rewarded by Dunnottar because of his dramatic situation for his safety. A "palace" consisting of a series of ranges around a rectangle built on a northeast cliff, creating a luxurious residence with a sea view. The 13th century chapel was restored and incorporated into a quadrangle. An impressive stone gate was built, now known as Benholm's Lodging, which features many harbor rifles facing in that direction. Although impressive, this tends to be a fashionable ornament rather than an original defense feature.
Civil war
In 1639 William Keith, the 7th Earl Marischal, came out to support the Covenanters, Presbyterian movements that opposed the established Episcopal Church and the changes I attempted to try by Charles. With James Graham, the first Marquess of Montrose, he marched against James Gordon, Viscount Aboyne, the Earl of Huntly, and defeated the Royalist effort to seize Stonehaven. However, when Montrose turned sides into the Royalis and marched north, Marischal remained in Dunnottar, even when given a regional order by Parliament, and even when Montrose burned Stonehaven.
Marischal later joined the Engager faction, who had made a deal with the king, and led the troop to the Battle of Preston (1648) to support the royalists. After the execution of Charles I in 1649, the Engagers gave their loyalty to his son and heir: Charles II was proclaimed king, arriving in Scotland in June 1650. He visited Dunnottar in July 1650, but his presence in Scotland prompted Oliver Cromwell to lead the power to Scotland, beating Scotland at Dunbar in September 1650.
Scottish Awards
Charles II was crowned at Scone Palace on 1 January 1651, where Honors of Scotland (crown prince name, sword and stick) was used. However, with Cromwell's troops in Lothian, his honor could not be returned to Edinburgh. The Earl Marischal, as Marischal of Scotland, has formal responsibility for the award, and in June the Advisory Council duly decided to place them in Dunnottar. They were taken to the palace by Katherine Drummond, hidden in wool sacks. Sir George Ogilvie (or Ogilvy) of Barras was appointed lieutenant-governor of the castle, and was given responsibility for his defense.
In November 1651, Cromwell's troops asked Ogilvie to surrender, but he refused. During the next castle blockade, the disappearance of the Honors of Scotland was planned by Elizabeth Douglas, wife of Sir George Ogilvie, and Christian Fletcher, wife of James Granger, minister of the Kinneff Parish Church. The king's papers were first removed from the castle by Anne Lindsay, a woman from Elizabeth Douglas, who walked through the forces that surrounded with papers sewn into her clothes. There are two stories about the abolition of honor itself. Fletcher declared in 1664 that during three visits to the castle in February and March of 1652, he carried a crown, a stick, a sword and a sword hidden between a sack of merchandise. Another account, given in the 18th century by a tutor to Earl Marischal, notes that the awards were passed down from the castle to the shore, where they were collected by Fletcher's servants and taken out in a creel basket. After smuggling the honor of the castle, Fletcher and her husband buried them under the floor of Old Kirk in Kinneff.
Meanwhile, in May 1652, the blockade commander, Colonel Thomas Morgan, had taken the artillery shipments necessary for Dunnottar's reduction. Ogilvie surrendered on May 24, provided that the garrison could be released. Finding the honor disappear, Cromwellians imprison Ogilvie and his wife in the castle until the following year, when a false story is put forward to declare that honor has been taken abroad. Most of the castle property was removed, including twenty-one brass cannons, and Marischal was asked to sell further land and property to pay the fine imposed by the Cromwell government.
At the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, honor was removed from the Kinneff Church and returned to the king. Ogilvie argued with Marischal's mother about who would take credit for saving honor, though he was eventually rewarded with a baronetcy. Fletcher was awarded 2,000 merks by Parliament but the sum was never paid.
Whig and Jacobites
Religious and political conflicts continued to be played in Dunnottar until the 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1685, during the Earl of Argyll rebellion against the new king James VII, 167 Covenants were confiscated and held in a dungeon in Dunnottar. The detainees included 122 men and 45 women associated with Whig, an anti-Royalist group in the Covenant movement, and refused to take loyalty oath to the new king. The Whig was imprisoned from May 24 until the end of July. A group of 25 fled, although two of them were killed in the fall of the cliff, and another 15 were recaptured. Five prisoners died in the vault, and 37 of Whig were released after taking the oath of allegiance. The remaining prisoners were transported to Amboy Perth, New Jersey, as part of a colonization scheme designed by George Scot of Pitlochie. Many, like the Scots themselves, died on the voyage. The basement, located under "King's Bedroom" in the 16th century castle building, has since become known as the "Whig 'Vault".
Both Jacobites (supporters of exiled Stuarts) and Hanoverians (supporters of George I and his descendants) use Dunnottar Castle. In 1689 during the Dundee Viscount campaign to support the deposed James VII, the castle was guarded by William III and Mary II with the captain appointed Lord Marischal. Seventeen suspected Jacobites from Aberdeen were arrested and detained in the castle for about three weeks, including George Liddell, professor of mathematics at Marischal College. On Jacobite Rising of 1715 George Keith, the 10th Earl Marischal, took an active role with the rebels, leading the cavalry at the Battle of the Sheriffmuir. After the subsequent abandonment of Lord Marischal's escalating escape to the Continent of Europe, he eventually became France's ambassador to Frederick the Great of Prussia. Meanwhile, in 1716, his title and estates including Dunnottar declared losing the crown.
Next history
Plantations confiscated from Earl Marischal were purchased in 1720 for £ 41,172, by the York Buildings Company that dismantled many castles. In 1761 Earl briefly returned to Scotland and bought back Dunnottar only to sell it five years later to Alexander Keith (1736-1819), an Edinburgh lawyer who served as Knight Marischal of Scotland. Dunnottar was held by Alexander Keith then his son, Sir Alexander Keith (1768-1852) before being inherited in 1852 by Sir Patrick Keith-Murray of Ochtertyre, who in turn sold it in July 1873 to Major Alexander Innes of Cowie and Raemoir for about Ã, £ 80,000. It was purchased by Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray, in 1925 after his wife started a repair program. Since then the castle has remained in the family, and has been open to the public, attracting 52,500 visitors in 2009.
Dunnottar Castle, and a standing cape, was designated as a monument that was scheduled in 1970. In 1972 twelve of the structures in Dunnottar were registered. Three buildings listed in category A as "national interest": fixed; entrance gate; and Benholm Inn. The remaining list is in category B as "regional interest". The Hon. Charles Anthony Pearson, the younger son of the 3rd Viscount Cowdray, currently owns and manages Dunnottar Castle which is part of Dunven Estates of 210 square kilometers (52,000 hectares). Part of the 1990 film Hamlet , starring Mel Gibson and Glenn Close, was shot there.
Maps Dunnottar Castle
Description
The strategic location of Dunnottar allows its owners to control the beach terraces between the cliffs of the North Sea and the hills of Mounth, 3.5 kilometers (2.2 miles) inland, allowing access to and from northeastern Scotland. The site is accessed by a steep, 800-meter (2,600 feet) walkway (with modern staircase) from a car park on the coastal road, or through a 3 kilometer (1.9.9 mi) walkway from Stonehaven. Some of the Dunnottar buildings, installed between the 13th and 17th centuries, are arranged on a cape covering about 1.4 hectares (3.5 hectares). The dominant building, viewed from the land approach, is a 14th century tower or tower house. The other main building is a guardhouse; chapel; and a 16th century "palace" that incorporates "Whig 'Vault".
Defense
The approach to the castle is neglected by the outdoor work on "Fiddle Head", a promontory on the west side of the cape. The entrance is through a well maintained main gate, located on a curtain wall completely blocking the crack in a rocky cliff. The gate has portcullis and is partially blocked. Next to the main gate is the 16th-century Benholm's Lodging, a five-story building cut into a rock, which combines the prison with the apartment above. Three levels of harbor rifles facing out from downstairs Benholm Inn, while inside the main gate, a group of four harbor rifles facing the entrance. The entrance lane then veered sharply to the left, running underground through two tunnels to appear near the tower house. Simpson argues that this defense is "without exception the strongest in Scotland", although the authors then doubt the effectiveness of the gun ports. Cruden notes that the alignment of the gun ports at Benholm Inn, which faces an approach rather than along the way, means that they have limited efficiency. The practicality of the port of the rifle facing the entrance has also been questioned, although the 1612 inventory notes that four brass cannons are placed here.
The second access to the castle leads from a rocky bay, a gap to a sea cave on the north side of Dunnottar cliff where a small boat can be carried. From here the steep road leads to a well-fortified gate gate on the cliff, which in turn offers access to the castle through the Water Gate at the palace. The artillery defense, taking the form of earthwork, surrounds the northwest corner of the castle, facing land, and southeast, facing toward the sea. A small guard or guardhouse stands on the east side of the battery, facing the beach.
Tower house and surrounding buildings
The house of the late 14th century tower has a vaulted basement of stone, and originally had three more floors and a garret on top. Measuring 12 times 11 meters (39 x 36 feet), the tower's house stands as high as 15 meters (49 feet) above the saddle roof. The main room includes a large hall and a private room for masters, with bedrooms upstairs. Beside the tower of the house is a warehouse, and a forge smith with a big chimney. The stable blocks are along the southern edge of the cape. Nearby is Waterton's Lodging, also known as the House of Priests, built around 1574, possibly for the use of William Keith (died 1580), son of the 4th Earl Marischal. This small stand-alone house includes a hall and kitchen on the ground floor, with private rooms at the top, and has a spiral staircase projecting on the north side. Named for Thomas Forbes of Waterton, an officer of the 7th Earl.
Palace
The palace, on the eastern promontory, was built in the late 16th century and early to mid 17th century. It consists of three main wings set around a rectangle, and for the most part is probably the work of the successful 5th Earl Marischal in 1581. It provides spacious and comfortable accommodation to replace the rooms in the house tower. In its long and low design, it has been compared to contemporary British buildings, in contrast to the tradition of the 16th-century tall Scottish tower still in force in the 16th century. Seven identical lodgings are arranged along the western range, each opening to the square and including windows and fireplaces. Above the lodge, the western range consists of a 35 meter (115 feet) gallery. Now without a roof, the gallery originally had an elaborate oak ceiling, and on display was a Roman tablet taken from Antonine's Wall. At the north end of the gallery there is a living room connected to the north. The gallery can also be accessed from the Silver House to the south, which combines a wide staircase with the treasury above.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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