The Crown Estate is a collection of land and possessions in the United Kingdom belonging to the king of England as a sole enterprise, making it a "Sovereign public real", which is not government property or part of a private estate monarchy. As a result of this arrangement, sovereignty is not involved with plantation management or administration, using only very limited control over its affairs. In contrast, the extensive portfolio of estate is overseen by a semi-independent public body, headed by the Crown Estate Commissioner , who runs the "ownership power" of the estate, even though they are not "owners in their own right". The income of this estate has been placed by the king on the disposition of His Majesty's Government in exchange for relief from the responsibility to finance the Civil Government and thus proceed directly to the Treasury of Her Majesty, for the benefit of the British nation. The Crown Estate is officially accountable to the Royal Parliament of England, where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to sovereignty, a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons.
The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom, overseeing a property worth  £ 12 billion, with an  £ 9.1 billion urban property representing a large portion of the value of the property. This includes a large number of properties in central London, but the plantation also controls 792,000 hectares (1,960,000 hectares) of farmland and forests, more than half the coast of Great Britain, and retains many other traditional possessions and rights, including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park. The naturally occurring gold and silver in Britain, collectively known as "Royal Mines", is managed by Crown Estate and leased to mining operators.
Historically, the Crown Estate property is managed by the ruling monarch to help fund the business of state governance. However, in 1760, George III handed control of the Estate's revenue to the treasury, freeing him from the responsibility of paying for civil service, defense, national debt, and personal debt. In return, he receives an annual grant known as the Civil Register. By tradition, every next king agrees to this arrangement on his accession. However, starting April 1, 2012, under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 (SSG), the Civil List is abolished and the king is then provided with a stable revenue source indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate's annual net income (currently set at 15%). It is intended to provide long-term solutions and remove politically sensitive Parliament issues that must debate the Civil List allowance every ten years. Furthermore, the Sovereign Grant Law allows for all future kings to only extend these provisions to rule them by the Order within the Council. This action does not imply any legal change to the property of the estate but merely the benchmark on which the sovereign grant is designated as a grant by Parliament.
Video Crown Estate
History
The crown in England and Wales
The history of the Crown countries in England and Wales began with the Norman conquest. When William I died, the land he acquired with the right of conquest was largely intact. His successors, however, gave large estates to the nobles and barons who supplied them with men and arms. The remaining king's land is divided into royal nobility , each managed separately by seneschal. The period between the reign of William I and Queen Anne was one of the continuing destruction of the land. The Mahkota lands were added and discharged for centuries: Edward I extended his possessions to Wales, and James VI & amp; I have his own crown land in Scotland which is ultimately combined with the land of the British and Welsh Crowns. However, the release exceeds the acquisition: at the time of the Recovery in 1660, the total revenue arising from the Crown lands is estimated at Ã, £ 263,598 (equal to Ã, £ 36,318,804 today). By the end of the reign of William III (1689-1702), however, it was reduced to about  £ 6,000 (equal to Ã,  £ 901,648 today).
Before the reign of William III, all royal revenues were given to the king for general government expenditure. This income consists of two types:
- hereditary income, primarily derived from royal lands, feudal rights (cited for customs clearance in 1660), post office benefits, with licenses, & c.
- temporary revenue derived from taxes given to the king over a period of years or a lifetime.
After the Great Revolution, Parliament maintains under its control a substantial proportion of temporary income, and frees the rulers from the costs of naval and military services and the burden of national debt. During the reign of William III, Anne, George I and George II, sovereignty remains responsible for the maintenance of civil government and for the support of royal and dignity households, permitted for these purposes, hereditary incomes and certain taxes.
As state machinery expands, civil government costs exceed income from crowned lands and feudal rights; this creates a personal debt to the king.
At George III's accession, he surrendered revenues from the Royal lands to Parliament, together with canceling responsibility for civil government costs and relief of related debts. As a result, and to avoid financial embarrassment, he was given fixed list payments and retained earnings from the Duchy of Lancaster. The king succumbed to parliamentary control over customs, post office revenue, and "small branches" of hereditary incomes including Crown land rent in the UK (which amounted to about Ã,  £ 11,000, or Ã, £ 1,526,315 today), and given a list of civic annuities Ã,  £ 800,000 (equal to Ã,  £ 111,004,717 today) for household support, subject to certain annuity payments to members of the royal family.
Although the King has retained a substantial inheritance income, his income proved insufficient for the charges he incurred because he exercised the privilege of rewarding supporters with bribes and gifts. Debts of more than £ 3 million (equal to Ã, Â £ 220,071,696 today) during George's reign was paid by Parliament, and the list of civic annuities was then upgraded from time to time.
Every successful ruler down to and including Elizabeth II renewed the arrangements made between George III and Parliament and that practice, in the nineteenth century, was recognized as "an integral part of the Constitution [which] would be difficult to abandon." Nevertheless, a review of the funding arrangements for the monarchy led to the passage of the Sovereign Grant 2011 Law, which, according to HM Treasury, is:
The new consolidated fund gathers together Civil Register, Royal Palace and Royal Travel Grants-in-aid. It is intended that future funding will be set as part of The Crown Estate's earnings and payable through the annual Treasury Estimation process, and subject to the audit of the National Audit Office....
The grant is to allow the Queen to perform her duties as Head of State. which meets the cost of central staff and runs the cost of Her Majesty's Employee Home - things like official receptions, investments, garden parties and so on. It will also include the maintenance of the Royal Palace in England and travel expenses to carry out royal engagements such as opening buildings and other royal visits....
While the amount of the Grant will be attributed to the profits of the Crown Estate, such profits will continue to be paid to the Minister of Finance; they are not hypothesized. Assigning Grants to a percentage of profit from Crown Estate will help to place a long-lasting and transparent framework.
In April 2014 it was reported that Crown Estate proposed to sell about 200 of its 750 country homes in the United Kingdom & amp; is evicting the tenant in preparation.
The crown in Ireland
In 1793 George III handed over Irish hereditary income, and was given a list of civilian annuities for certain expenditures from the Irish civilian government. Most of the crown land at that time was from foreclosure after the 1641 uprising or revolution of 1688-91, with some smaller older packages left over from the previous rebellion, the Liquidation of the Abbey and the Norman period. Most of the seized land has been granted again, as under the Adventist Law 1642, the Settlement Act 1662, and the Return Law 1700. The remaining balance on the Crown's hand includes "ineligible land" from the settlement of 1662 (worth less of the small rent to be borne by the grantee) and the balance not paid by the supervisor under 1700 acts on its 1703 deadline. The scattered crowned territories are planted with long lease regardless of rental collection. The responsibility lies in the Quit Rent Office, which was absorbed in 1827 by the Commissioner of Forests, Forests and Land Revenue. The largest Crown Estate in the 1820s was Pobble O'Keefe at Sliabh Luachra at 5,000 hectares (2,000 hectares). In 1828 the lease was over, and Richard Griffith was appointed to oversee his improvements, including the establishment of the Kingwilliamstown model village. In the early 1830s, Crown Estate regained possession of land at Ballykilcline following the tenants' headaches. The sub-lessee at the seven-year workplace delays with their rent and the result is the "elimination" of Ballykilcline - a free emigration to the new world in 1846. There are further state-based emigrants from the Mahkota plantations that overpower the population during Great Hunger. There is evidence of the Crown Estate public works scheme for employing more stressful drainage fixes, etc. In 1854, the elected committee of the House of Lords concluded that smallholdings in Ireland had to be sold. 7,000 hectares (2,800 ha) are then sold for around. à £  £ 25,000 (the same as à £ 2.153.459 today) at the auction and à £ 10,000 (the same as à £ 861,384 today) by private agreements: large investments, reinvested in the UK.
Article 11 of the 1922 Constitution The Irish Free State provided that the Crown Estate land in the Free State of Ireland shall become the property of the state, which took over administrative responsibility on 1 April 1923. At the time of handover, the lease ceased of £ 23,418 (equal to Ã, £ 1,225,747 today) and the rent of the property Ã, Â £ 1,191 (equal to Ã, Â £ 62,339 today). Most of the plantations are coastal. The Crown estate in Northern Ireland in 1960 consisted of "some lease out... yielding only Ã, 38 pounds." By 2016, it has revenues of Ã, Â £ 1.4 million, from cable, pipelines and windfarm by the beach, and a gold mine in Tyrone. The development of the seabed under the water recedes hampered by sovereign disputes with the Republic of Ireland.
Scottish crown
It was not until 1830 that King William IV withdrew revenues from crown estates in Scotland. Inheritance of hereditary lands from Crown in Scotland, previously under the management of Barons of the Exchequer, was transferred to Woods Commissioner, Forest, Land Revenue, Works and Buildings and their successors under Crown of Lands (Story) 1832, 1833 and 1835. This possession primarily composed of former ecclesiastical land (after the abolition of episcopacy in 1689) in Caithness and Orkney, and the possession of the ancient kingdoms in Stirling and Edinburgh, and feudal dues. Almost no urban property. Most of Scotland's current property except for saltwater fishing and salmon fishing is due to inward investment, including Glenlivet Estate, the largest area managed by Crown Estate in Scotland, purchased in 1937, Applegirth, Fochabers and Whitehill estates, purchased on 1963, 1937, and 1969 respectively.
After winning Scotland's 2011 election, the Scottish National Party (SNP) called for a revolution of Crown Estate earnings to Scotland. In response to this request, the Scottish Office decided not to distribute Crown Estates. However, plans have been developed to allocate a portion of the Crown Estate's revenue to the Big Lottery Fund, which will then distribute funds to coastal communities. These plans were also criticized by the SNP.
Crown Estate Scotland
The Scottish government has taken over an asset portfolio of £ 272 million ($ 339.6 million) after the Royal Crown Estate devolution was established, including the right to develop marine energy projects in the country.
A new public body, called Crown Estate Scotland (CES), will oversee the seabed area where offshore wind, wave and tidal projects, and some continental shelf activities.
Maps Crown Estate
Today
Crown Estate Act 1961
The Crown Estate is now a legal company run on the commercial line by the Crown Estate Commissioner under the terms of the Crown Estate Act 1961 . Based on Crown Estate Act 1961, Crown Estate Commissioner has the duty "while maintaining the Crown Estate as a land in [...] to maintain and increase its value and return earned from it, but with due regard to the requirements of good management". This law regulates among others that (Part 1 (5)) "The validity of transactions entered by the Commissioners shall not be questioned on the advice of those who do not act in accordance with the provisions of this Act governing the exercise of their powers, or of them acting more of their authority, nor will anyone dealing with the Commissioners be concerned to inquire as to the extent of their authority or the observance of restrictions on the exercise of their powers ".
Summary of the Act
The law includes the following:
- The Crown Estate is a plantation on the ground only, apart from the cash and gilts needed to run the business.
- The Crown Estate Commissioners, made up of the main council, were approved by the king on the advice of the Prime Minister. They are limited to eight people.
- The Board of Commissioners is obliged to:
- to maintain and increase the value of plantation capital and its income; but at the same time -
- considers the need to observe high standards of property management practices.
- When selling or allowing its properties, Crown Estate should always strive to achieve the best possible consideration (ie price) that can reasonably be obtained in all circumstances, but discount any monopoly value (especially of seafront and seabed ownership).
- The Crown Estate can not provide rent for a period of more than 150 years.
- The Crown Estate can not provide land options for more than ten years unless the property is reassessed when the option is exercised.
- The Crown Estate can not borrow money.
- Donations can be made for religious or educational purposes related to the plantation or for the welfare of the tenant. Otherwise, charitable donations are prohibited.
- The Windsor Estate (Park and Forest) character must be preserved; no part of the estate can be sold.
- The report should be submitted to the Queen and to Parliament each year, which shows the performance of the estate during the previous year.
- The Crown Estate must observe professional accounting practices and differentiate its accounts between capital and income.
- Money received as a premium from the lessee on a new lease must be allocated between the following capital and income:
- where the lease is for a period of thirty years or less shall be treated as income;
- for rent over thirty years it should be treated as capital.
In 2010, the report of the British Parliament's Treasury Committee at Crown Estate, the first for twenty years, reported it
- it was "worried" that Crown Estate in 2007 began investing in a joint venture such as the Gibraltar Limited Partnership, which he said was in "heavy" financial difficulties. The Crown Estate has 50% of the partnership, which has a Fort Kinnaird retail park near Edinburgh;
- Crown Estate has a monopoly over the marine environment, and has focused too heavily on revenue collection rather than acting in the long-term public interest around ports and ports;
- the quality of residential property management in urban areas falls short. The consultation process has no transparency, and the Committee is "deeply concerned" that the Estate Crown has failed to consult with local agencies that have the right to nominate key workers;
- some non-commercial historic properties should be reviewed for the purpose of transferring management to conservation agencies such as English Heritage;
- The Minister should be more interested in the Crown Estate, as his overall management strives to balance income revenue by acting for the wider public interest.
Crown Estate Chief Executive Roger Bright said: "We welcome the Committee's recognition that we are running a successful business operation."
Holdings
Urban portfolio
This includes the entire Regent Street and about half of St James's in London's West End as well as retail properties in the UK at locations including Oxford, Exeter, Nottingham, Newcastle, Harlow and Swansea.
In 2002, Crown Estate began implementing an investment program worth  £ 1 billion to upgrade the commercial, retail, and Regent Street visitors and public sphere. In addition, they invested Ã,  £ 500 million in St James, including a number of major redevelopments.
Rural portfolio
Ownership consists of approximately 116,000 hectares (287,000 hectares) of agricultural land and forest, along with minerals and residential and commercial properties.
Windsor Estate
The Windsor Estate covers approximately 6,300 acres and includes Windsor Great Park, Windsor Castle House Park, vast forests, residential and commercial properties, golf courses, racecourse and farms.
Ownership of the ocean
Crown Estate marine ownership consists of:
The Crown Estate plays a major role in the development of the offshore wind energy industry in the UK. Other commercial activities managed by Crown Estate on the seabed include tidal waves and energy, carbon capture and storage, aggregates, submarine cables and pipelines and potash mining. In seaside terms, Crown Estate issues a license or lease for approximately 850 aquaculture sites and has a marina space for approximately 18,000 moorings.
Other rights and interests
Other rights and interests include:
Financial
In fiscal year 2015/2016, Crown Estate's property evaluation was  £ 12 billion with net profit of Ã,  £ 304.1 million (up 6.7%).
Government
Historical
Previous officials responsible for managing what is now the Estate Crown are:
- General of Woods, Forest, Park, and Chase Surveyor General and Surveyor General of the Land Revenue of the Crown, 17th century to 1810
- Forestry Commissioner, Forest and Land Income, 1810-1831
- Forest, Forest, Land, Building and Employment Commissioner, 1832-1850
- The Forest, Forest and Land Revenue Commissioner, 1851-1924
- Crown Land Commissioner, 1924-1954
Chairman and Chief Executive of Crown Estate Commissioner
Ketua (Komisaris Pertama)
- 1955-62 - Sir Malcolm Trustram Eve (nanti Lord Silsoe) (1894-1976)
- 1962-77 - The Earl of Perth (1907-2002)
- 1977-80 - Lord Thomson dari Monifieth (1921-2008)
- 1980-85 - The Earl of Crawford dan Balcarres (lahir 1927)
- 1985-95 - The Earl of Mansfield dan Mansfield (1930-2015)
- 1995-2002 - Sir Denys Hartley Henderson (1932-2016)
- 2002-2009 - Sir Ian David Grant (lahir 1943)
- 2010-2016 - Sir Stuart Hampson (lahir 1947)
- 2016- Robin Budenberg (lahir 1959)
Chief executive (Second Commissioner)
- 1955-60 - Sir Ronald Montague Joseph Harris (1913-1995)
- 1960-68 - Sir Jack Alexander Sutherland-Harris (1908-1986)
- 1968-78 - Sir William Alan Wood (1916-2010)
- 1978-83 - Sir John Michael Moore (born 1921)
- 1983-89 - Dr Keith Dexter (1928-1989)
- 1989-2001- Sir Christopher Howes (born 1942)
- 2001-2011 Roger Martin Francis Bright (born 1951)
- 2012- Alison Nimmo (born 1964)
The chairman (officially titled "first commissioner") is part-time. Chief executive ("second commissioner") is the only full-time executive member of the Crown Estate council.
See also
- Paving Crown Estate Commission
- Duchy of Lancaster
- Duchy of Cornwall
- Prince's Coverts - Forest management area in Oxshott, Surrey
- Regent Street
- Windsor Great Park
- Balmoral Castle
- Sandringham House
Note
References
- Annual Report of Forest and Forest Commissioners 1811, 1853 and 1855
- Best, G. Percival (writing as "G. Percival"), "List of Civil and Hereditary Revenues from the Crown", The Fortnightly Review , London, March 1901
- Commissioner for Investigation of Forests, Forests and Land Income from the Crown, Twelfth Report, London, 1792
- Crown Estate, The, Annual Report and 2009 account, accessed in July 2009
- Pugh, R B., The Crown Estate - Historical Essex , London, The Crown Estate, 1960
External links
- Official website
- Crown Estate's annual asset report
- The text of the Crown Estate Act 1961 applicable today (including amendments) in the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments