Montreal ( Ã, ( listen ) MUN -tree- AWL ; French: Ã, [m ??? eal] ​​â € <â € << span> Ã, ( < span> listen ) official MontrÃÆ' Â © al ) is the densest municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the densest second municipality in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie , or "City of Mary", it was named Mount Royal, the top three hill in the heart of the city. The city is based on the island of Montreal, which takes its name from the same source as the city, and some smaller peripheral islands, the largest being the ÃÆ'Žle Bizard. It has a distinct four seasons continental climate with warm summers up to summer and cold and snowy winters.
In 2016 the city has a population of 1,704,694. The Montreal metropolitan area has a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,942,044 in urban agglomeration, with all municipalities on the island of Montreal included. French is the official language of the city and is a language spoken at home by 49.8% of the city's population, followed by English in 22.8% and 18.3% of other languages ​​(in the 2016 census, excluding multi-lingual responses). In the larger Montreal Metropolitan Census Area, 65.8% of the population speaks Canadian French at home, compared with 15.3% of English-speaking. Montreal Aglomeration is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with over 59% of the population speaking English and French. Montreal is the second largest French-speaking city in the world, after Paris. The city is located 258 kilometers (160 miles) southwest of Quebec City.
Historically the commercial capital of Canada, Montreal surpassed the population and economic power by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains the center of commerce, aerospace, transportation, finance, pharmaceutical, technology, design, education, art, culture, tourism, food, fashion, games, movies, and world affairs. Montreal has the second highest consulate in North America, serving as the headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization, and was named the UNESCO Design City in 2006. By 2017, Montreal is ranked 12th most livable city in the world by Economist Intelligence Units in the annual Global Liveability Rankings, and the best cities in the world to be students at QS World University Rankings. Montreal has hosted international conferences and events, including the 1967 International and Universal Exhibition and the 1976 Summer Olympics. It is the only Canadian city to host the Summer Olympics. In 2012, Montreal is ranked as the world's Beta-plus city. In 2016, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival, and the Just for Laughs festival.
Video Montreal
Name
In Mohawk language, this island is called TiohtiÃÆ': to Tsi . This is the name that refers to the Lachine Rapids to the southwest of the island or Ka-wÃÆ' Â © -no-te . It means "the place where the nation and river are united and divided".
In Ojibwe language, the soil is called Mooniyaang meaning "first stop" and is part of the sevent fire prophecy.
Though the city was first named by European settlers of the Ville Marie , or the "Mary City", its name now comes from Mount Royal , the top three hills in the heart of the city. According to one theory, the name is derived from mont RÃÆ'  © al , ( Mont Royal in modern French, although in French 16th century the term is ra  © al and royal used interchangeably); Cartier 1535 diary entries, call mountains, refer to le mont Royal . A possibility by the Government of Canada on its website of Canada's place names, is that the name was adopted as it is written today because the early 1556 date map uses the Italian mountain name, Monte Real ; this misconception has been dismissed by the Commission de toponymie du QuÃÆ'  © bec.
According to the Government of Canada, the Government of Quebec, the Commission de toponymie du QuÃÆ' Ã… © bec, and the Canadian Geographical Names Council, the names of Canadian cities and cities have only one official form. Thus, MontrÃÆ'® al is officially spelled with ÃÆ'Â Â © accented in Canadian and French English. However, accents in both Montreal and Quebec are often ignored in general English usage.
Maps Montreal
History
Pre-European contacts
Archaeological evidence suggests that the original inhabitants of the First Nation occupied the island of Montreal since 4000 years ago. In the year 1000 AD, they started planting corn. In a few hundred years, they have built fortified villages. The Saint Lawrence Iroquoians, a distinct ethnicity from the New York-based Iroquois states of New York-based Haudenosaunee, established the village of Hochelaga at the foot of the Royal Mountain two centuries before France arrived. Archaeologists have found evidence of their abode there and elsewhere in the valley since at least the 14th century. The French explorer Jacques Cartier visited Hochelaga on October 2, 1535, and estimated the indigenous population in Hochelaga to be "over a thousand people". Previous evidence of occupation on the island, as found in 1642 during the construction of Fort Ville-Marie, was effectively removed.
Early European settlement (1600-1760)
Seventy years later, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain reported that St. Lawrence Lroquoian and their settlements have disappeared altogether from St. Lawrence. It is believed to be out migration, the epidemic of European disease, or inter-ethnic warfare. In 1611 Champlain established a feather trading post on the island of Montreal, at a site originally called La Place Royale. At the meeting of Petite Riviere and St. Lawrence, that's where Pointe-ÃÆ' -CalliÃÆ'¨re stands. On its 1616 map, Samuel de Champlain named the island Lille de Villemenon, in honor of the de Villemenon, a French noble who sought the new viceroy of France. In 1639 JÃÆ'Â| rÃÆ'Â'me Le Royer de La DauversiÃÆ'¨re obtained a Seigneurial title to Montreal Island on behalf of the Notre Dame Society of Montreal to establish a Roman Catholic mission to evangelize natives.
Dauversiere employs Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, 30, to lead a group of invaders to build missions in his new seigneury. The colonists left France in 1641 for Quebec, and arrived on the island the following year. On May 17, 1642, Ville-Marie was established on the southern coast of the island of Montreal, with Maisonneuve as its first governor. The settlement included a chapel and a hospital, under the command of Jeanne Mance. In 1643, Ville-Marie had been attacked by Iroquois's attack. In the spring of 1651, Iroquois's attacks became so frequent and so ferocious that Ville Marie thought it was finally over. Maisonneuve made all the settlers take refuge in the fortress. In 1652 the colony in Montreal was so diminished that he was forced to return to France to raise 100 volunteers to go with him to the colony the following year. If that attempt fails, Montreal must be abandoned and survivors re-deployed downstream to Quebec City. Before this 100 arrives in the fall of 1653, the population of Montreal is nearly 50 people.
In 1685 Ville Marie was home to about 600 colonies, most of them living in simple wooden houses. Ville Marie became a feather trading center and base for further exploration. In 1689 the Iroquois allied the British attacked Lachine on the island of Montreal, performing the worst massacre in the history of New France. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Sulpician Order was established there. To encourage French settlement, they want Mohawk to move out of the feather trade post in Ville Marie. They have a mission village, known as Kahnewake, south of the River St. Lawrence. Fathers persuaded some Mohawks to make new settlements in their former hunting grounds north of the Ottawa River. It becomes Kanesatake. In 1745 some Mohawk families moved upstream to create another settlement, known as Akwesasne. All three are now Mohawk's reserves in Canada. The Canadian territory was ruled as a French colony until 1760, when it was surrendered to England after the Seven Years War.
Ville Marie was the name for a settlement that appeared in all official documents until 1705, when Montreal appeared for the first time, although people referred to "Montreal Island" long before that.
Modern history (1761-present)
Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1832. The opening of Lachine Canal enabled the ship to pass through the untraceable Lachine Rapids, while the construction of the Victorian Bridge established Montreal as the center of the main railway. The leaders of the Montreal business community have begun to build their home on the Golden Square Mile (~ 2.6 km 2 ) from about 1850. In 1860, it was the largest municipality in British North America and an undeniable center economy and culture of Canada.
In the 19th century maintaining Montreal's drinking water became increasingly difficult with a rapid population increase. Most of the drinking water is still coming from a busy, heavily trafficked port city, which causes water damage in it. In the mid-1840s, the City of Montreal installed a water system that would pump water from St. Louis. Lawrence and into the reservoir. The tank will be transported to the desired location. This is not the first water system of its kind in Montreal as it had existed in private ownership since 1801. In the mid-19th century the water distribution was done by "fontainiers". The fountainiers will open and close the water valve outside the building, as directed, throughout the city. Since they do not have a modern pipe system, it is impossible to connect all buildings at once and also act as a conservation method. Population has not finished yet, however, from 58,000 in 1852 it increased to 267,000 by 1901.
Montreal was the capital of the Canadian Province from 1844 to 1849, but lost its status when the Tory masses set fire to the Parliament building to protest part of Bill Losses of the Uprising. For strategic reasons, Queen Victoria herself established Ottawa as the capital. The reason there are two; because it is located more in the interior of the nation, it is less susceptible to US attacks. Perhaps more importantly, because it is located on the border between France and Great Britain Canada, the small town of Ottawa is seen as a compromise between Montreal, Toronto, Kingston and Quebec City, all of which are vying to become the official capital of the young country.
An internment camp was established at Immigration Hall in Montreal from August 1914 to November 1918.
After World War I, the prohibition movement in the United States caused Montreal to be a destination for Americans seeking alcohol. Unemployment remained high in the city, and compounded by the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression.
During World War II, Mayor Camillien Houde protested conscription and urged Montreal not to comply with federal government registrations for all men and women. The government, part of the Allied forces, was furious at Houde's establishment and detained him in a prison camp until 1944. That year the government decided to institutionalize conscription to expand the armed forces and fight the Nazis. (See Crisis Concession 1944.)
Montreal is the official residence of the Luxembourg royal family in exile during World War II.
By 1951, the Montreal population had surpassed one million. However, Toronto's growth began to challenge Montreal's status as Canada's economic capital. Indeed, the volume of shares traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange exceeded those traded on the Montreal Stock Exchange in the 1940s. Saint Lawrence Seaway opened in 1959, allowing the ship to pass through Montreal. Over time these developments led to the end of city's economic dominance when businesses moved to other areas. During the 1960s there was sustained growth, including the World Exposition known as Expo 67, and the construction of the highest skyscraper in Canada, a new highway and a subway system known as Metro Montreal.
The 1970s led to a period of widespread social and political change, largely derived from the concerns of the French-speaking majority regarding their cultural and linguistic conservation, given the traditional dominance of the Canadian Canadian minority in the business arena. The October crisis and the 1976 election of the Parti Quà ©  © bÃÆ' © cois, supporting sovereign status for Quebec, resulted in the departure of many businesses and people from the city. In 1976 Montreal was the host of the Olympics. During the 1980s and early 1990s, Montreal experienced slower rates of economic growth than many other Canadian cities.
Montreal combined with 27 surrounding cities on the island of Montreal on January 1, 2002, creating an integrated city that spans the entire island. There was great resistance from the suburbs to the merger, with the perception that it was forced on the fringe of England largely by the Parti Quà ©  © bÃÆ' © cois. As expected, this move proved unpopular and some mergers were later canceled. Several municipalities, numbering 13% of the island's population, chose to leave the unified city in a separate referendum in June 2004. Demerger took place on January 1, 2006, leaving 15 municipalities on the island, including Montreal. The remaining municipalities continue to be affiliated with the city through an agglomerating council that collects taxes from them to pay for a number of shared services. The 2002 merger was not the first in the city's history. Montreal annexed 27 other cities, towns and villages that started with Hochelaga in 1883 with the last before 2002 becoming Pointe-aux-Trembles in 1982.
The 21st century brings with it the revival of the city's economic and cultural landscape. Construction of new residential skyscrapers, two super-hospitals (the creation of the Quartier des Spectacles, the reconstruction of Turcot Interchange, the reconfiguration of Decari and Dorval swapping places, the construction of a new residential skyscraper, two super-hospitals (Center hospitalier de l'Università © de Montrà © al and McGill University Health Center) RÃÆ' © © tropolitain, Griffintown gentrification, subway line extension and purchase of new subway cars, complete revitalization and expansion of Trudeau International Airport, the completion of Quebec Autoroute 30, the reconstruction of the Champlain Bridge, and the construction of toll bridges new to Laval helped Montreal continue to grow.
Geography
Montreal is in the southwest of the province of Quebec. The city covers most of Montreal Island at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. Port of Montreal is located at one end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, a river gate that stretches from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic. Montreal is defined by its location between the Saint Lawrence River to the south and the RiviÃÆ'¨re des Prairies to the north. The city is named after the most prominent geographical features on the island, a three-head hill called Mount Royal, topped at 232 meters (761 feet) above sea level.
Montreal is at the heart of Montreal's Metropolitan Community, and is bordered by the city of Laval to the north; Longueuil, Saint-Lambert, Brossard, and other cities in the south; Repentigny to the east and municipality of West Island to the west. The anglophone enclaves of Westmount, West Montreal, Hampstead, CÃÆ'Â'te Saint-Luc, Mount Royal City and the francophone area of ​​Montreal East are all surrounded by Montreal.
Climate
Montreal is classified as humid continental climate (Climate classification KÃÆ'¶ppen: Dfa/Dfb). Summer, overall, warm and humid with a maximum daily average of 26 to 27 Â ° C (79 to 81 Â ° F) in July; temperatures greater than 30 ° C (86 ° F) are common. Conversely, cold fronts can bring dry, windy and windy weather in early and late summer.
Winter brings cold, snowy, windy, and sometimes cold weather, with daily averages ranging from -9 to -10.5 Â ° C (16 to 13 Â ° F) in January. However, some winter days rise above freezing, allowing an average rainfall of 4 days in January and February respectively. Typically, snow covering part or all of the bare ground takes place on average from the first or second week of December until the last week of March. While air temperatures do not drop below -30 Â ° C (-22 Â ° F) every year, cold winds often make the temperature feel low on exposed skin.
Spring and fall are mild but vulnerable to drastic temperature changes; spring even more than fall. Summer heatwave and "Indian summer" are possible. Early and late season snowstorms can occur in November and March, and are less common in April. Montreal is generally snow-free from late April to late October. However, snow may fall from early to mid October and early to mid-May on rare occasions.
The lowest temperature in the Environment Canada book was -37.8 Â ° C (-36 Â ° F) on January 15, 1957, and the highest temperature was 37.6 Â ° C (100 Â ° F) on August 1, 1975, both at the Airport International Dorval.
Prior to the recording of modern weather (which dates back to 1871 for McGill), a minimum temperature of nearly 5 degrees lower was recorded at 7 am on January 10, 1859, where it registered at -42Ã, Â ° C (-44Ã, Â ° F).
Annual rainfall is about 1,000 mm (39 inches), including an average of about 210 cm in winter, occurring from November to March. Thunderstorms usually occur in the early spring to summer until early autumn; In addition, tropical storms or their remains can cause heavy rain and strong winds. Montreal averages 2,050 hours of sunshine each year, with summer being the sunniest season, though slightly wetter than any other rainy season - mostly from the storm.
Architecture
For more than a half century, Montreal is Canada's financial and industrial center. This legacy has left various buildings including factories, elevators, warehouses, factories and refineries, which today provide invaluable insights into the city's history, especially in the downtown area and the Old Port area. There are 50 Canadian National Historic Sites, more than any other city.
Some of the buildings still standing in this city date from the 17th century and early 18th century. Though mostly gathered around the Old Montreal area, such as the Sulpician Seminary adjacent to the Notre Dame Basilica built in 1687, and ChÃÆ' Â ¢ teau Ramezay, built in 1705, examples of early colonial architecture spread throughout the city. Located in Lachine, Le Ber-Le Moyne House is the oldest complete building in the city. On Point St. Charles visitors can see Maison Saint-Gabriel, who can trace its history back to 1698. There are many historic buildings in Old Montreal in its original form: Notre Dame of Montreal Basilica, Bonsecours Market, and the 19th century headquarters of all Canadian banks in St. Louis. James Street (France: Rue Saint Jacques). The oldest buildings in Montreal are characterized by French influences and their unique gray stone construction.
Saint Joseph's Oratory, completed in 1967, the main building of the Art Deco Università © de Montrà ©  © al-Ernest Cormier, the office tower of Place Ville Marie, the controversial Olympic Stadium and its surrounding structures, are just some of the famous examples of 20th-century urban architecture.. The pavilion designed for the 1967 International and Universal Exposition, known as Expo 67, features a variety of architectural designs. Although most of the pavilions are temporary buildings, some have become landmarks, including the Buckminster Fuller US geodesic dome, the Montreal Pavilion, now the Montreal Biosphere, and the striking Moster Safdie apartment complex.
Metro Montreal has a common artwork by some of the biggest names in Quebec culture.
In 2006 Montreal was named the UNESCO Design City, only one of the world's three design capital cities (the other being Berlin and Buenos Aires). This special title recognizes the Montreal design community. Since 2005 the city has been home to the International Association of Graphic Design Associations (Icograda); International Design Alliance (IDA).
Underground (Official RESO) is an important tourist attraction. This is a collection of interconnected shopping complexes (both above and below ground). This impressive network connects the pedestrian streets to the university, as well as hotels, restaurants, bistros, subway stations and more, in and around the city center with 32 km (20 miles) tunnels over twelve square kilometers (4 , 6 square miles) is the most populous part of Montreal.
Nearby Areas
The city consists of 19 large districts, divided into several neighborhoods. Borough are: CÃÆ'Â'te-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grace, The Plateau Mount Royal, Outremont and Ville Marie in the center; Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Rosemont-La Petite-Patrie and Villeray-Saint-Michel-Parc-Extension to the east; Anjou, Montrà ©  © al-Nord, RiviÃÆ'¨re-des-Prairies-Pointe-aux-Trembles and Saint-Leonard to the northeast; Ahuntsic-Cartierville, L'ÃÆ'Žle-Bizard-Sainte-GeneviÃÆ'¨ve, Pierrefonds-Roxboro and Saint-Laurent to the northwest; and Lachine, LaSalle, The South West and Verdun in the south.
Many of these boroughs are independent cities who were forced to join Montreal in January 2002 after the 2002 Montreal City Reorganization.
Borough with the most surroundings is Ville Marie, which includes downtown, the historic district of Old Montreal, Chinatown, Gay Village, Latin Quarter, Quartier international and Citalia MultimÃÆ' © he and Quartier des Spectacles are under development. Other areas of interest in the region include the prosperous Golden Square Mile neighborhood at the foot of Mount Royal and Shaughnessy Village/Concordia U village that are home to thousands of students at Concordia University. Borough also consists of most of Mount Royal Park, Saint Helen Island, and Notre-Dame Island.
The Highlands of the Royal Highlands are the working class area of ​​the francophone. The largest neighborhood is the Highlands (not to be confused with the whole region), which experienced considerable gentrification, and a 2001 study considered it Canada's most creative environment because the artist made up 8% of its workforce. The neighborhood of Mile End in the northwestern part of the borough, has become a very multicultural area of ​​the city, and features two famous places in Bagels, St-Viateur Bagels and Fairmount Bagels. The McGill Ghetto is in the extreme southwest of the borough, its name comes from the fact that it is home to thousands of students and faculty members of McGill University.
The South West region was home to many of the city's industries during the late 19th and early-mid-20th centuries. Borough includes Goose Village and is home to a traditional Irish neighborhood in Griffintown and Point Saint Charles neighborhoods as well as low-income neighborhoods of Saint Henri and Little Burgundy.
Other notable environments include the Notre-Dame-de-Grès and CÃÆ'Â'te-des-Neiges multicultural areas in the boruss-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grace district, and Little Italy in the Rosemont-La Petite- Patrie and Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, home of the Olympic Stadium in the Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve area.
Old Montreal
Old Montreal is a historic downtown area of ​​downtown that contains many sights such as Montreal Old Port, Place Jacques-Cartier, Montreal City Hall, Bonsecours Market, Place d'Armes, Pointe-ÃÆ' -CalliÃÆ'¨re Museum, Notre-Dame de Montré Â © al Basilica, and the Montreal Science Center.
The architecture and cobblestone streets of Old Montreal have been preserved or restored and frequented by horse-drawn carriages. Old Montreal is accessible from the city center via the underground city and is serviced by several STM bus routes and Metro stations, ferries to the South Shore and the bike path network.
The riverside area adjacent to Old Montreal is known as the Old Port. The Old Port is the site of the Port of Montreal, but its shipping operations have been moved downstream of the larger site, leaving its previous location as a recreation and history area run by Park Canada. The new Port of Montreal is Canada's largest container port and the largest ground port on Earth.
Mount Royal
This mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park, one of the largest recreation rooms in Montreal. The park, mostly forest, was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed Central Park New York, and was inaugurated in 1876.
This park contains two belvederes, the more prominent is Kondiaronk Belvedere, a semi-circular plaza with chalet, overlooking Downtown Montreal. Other features of the park are Beaver Lake, a small manmade lake, short ski slopes, a sculpture park, Smith House, an interpretive center, and the famous monument to Sir George-ÃÆ' â € ° tienne Cartier. The park organizes athletic, tourism and cultural activities.
This mountain is home to two main graves, Notre-Dame-des-Neiges (founded in 1854) and Mount Royal (1852). Mount Royal Cemetery is a 165 hectare (67Ã, ha) burial cemetery on the northern slopes of Mount Royal in the Outremont region. The cemetery of Notre Dame des Neiges is much larger, especially French-Canadian and officially Catholic. More than 900,000 people are buried there.
Mount Royal Cemetery contains over 162,000 graves and is the final resting place for a number of prominent Canadians. This includes a veteran section with some soldiers who were awarded the highest military honor of the British Empire, Victoria Cross. In 1901, Mount Royal Cemetery Company established the first crematorium in Canada.
The first cross on the mountain was placed there in 1643 by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, the founder of the city, in the fulfillment of the oath he made to the Virgin Mary while praying to her to stop the catastrophic floods. Today, this mountain is crowned by a 31.4 m-high illuminated cross (103Ã,f), installed in 1924 by the John the Baptist Society and now owned by the city. It was converted into fiber-optic light in 1992. The new system can change red, blue, or purple lights, the latter being used as a sign of mourning between the death of the Pope and the subsequent election.
Demographics
According to Statistics Canada, at the 2016 Canadian census, the city has 1,704,694 inhabitants. A total of 4,098,927 live in the Metropolitan Census Montreal (CMA) at the same census of 2016, up from 3,934,078 at the 2011 census (within the CMA 2011 limits), representing a population growth of 4.19% from 2011 to 2016. 2016 census, children under the age of 14 years (691,345) constituted 16.9%, while the population over 65 years (671,690) accounted for 16.4% of the total population of CMA.
People from ethnic Europe form the largest ethnic group. The largest European ethnicities reported in the 2006 census were France 23%, Italy 10%, Ireland 5%, UK 4%, Scotland 3%, and Spain 2%. About 26% of the Montreal population and 16.5% of Greater Montreal, are members of a visible (non-white) minority group, up from 5.2% in 1981.
The visible minority consists of 34.2% of the population in the 2016 census. The five most noticeable minorities are Blacks (10.3%), Arabs, mainly Lebanese (7.3%), Latin America (4.1 %), South Asia (3.3%), and China (3.3%). The visible minority is defined by the Canadian Employment Equity Act as "non Aboriginal, non-white person".
According to reports published by the city, the island's population is expected to total 1,991,200 in 2012, with 3.9 million in the Greater Montreal Area, up 15.8% over 2001. However, in 2009, the larger Montreal Area is estimated to amount to 3.86 million people, indicating that the area will exceed the four million threshold in 2012. However, four million landmarks are not achieved until 2014. By 2015, the larger Montreal population is estimated at 4,060,700. According to StatsCan, by 2030, the larger Montreal Area is estimated to be 5,275,000 with 1,722,000 being a visible minority.
In terms of mother tongue (first language learning), the 2006 census reported that in the Territory of Montreal, 66.5% spoke French as the first language, followed by English by 13.2%, while 0.8% spoke both as a first language. The remaining 22.5% of the population of the Montreal area are allophones, speaking languages ​​including Italian (3.5%), Arab (3.1%), Spanish (2.6%), Creole (1.3%), Chinese ( 1.2%), Greece (1.2%), Portugal (0.8%), Romania (0.7%), Vietnam (0.7%) and Russia (0.7%). In the case of additional languages ​​spoken, a unique feature of Montreal among Canadian cities, noted by Statistics Canada, is a working knowledge of both French and English owned by most of its inhabitants.
The greater Montreal area is dominated by Roman Catholicism; However, weekly attendance in Quebec is among the lowest in Canada. Historically Montreal has become a Catholic center in North America with a large number of seminaries and churches, including Notre-Dame Basilica, Cathae Sainte Marie-Reine-du-Monde, and Saint Joseph's Oratory. About 65.8% of the total population is Christian, mostly Roman Catholics (52.8%), mainly due to the descendants of the original French settlers, and others of Italian and Irish origin. Protestants covering the Anglican Church in Canada, the United Church of Canada, the Lutheran, due to British and German immigration, and other denominations totaling 5.90%, with a further 3.7% mostly consisting of Orthodox Christians, sparked by a large Greek population. There are also a number of Russian Orthodox and Ukrainian parishes. Islam is the largest non-Christian religious group, with 154,540 members, Canada's second largest Muslim concentration of 9.6%. The Jewish community in Montreal has a population of 90,780. In cities such as CÃÆ'Â'te Saint-Luc and Hampstead, Jews make up the majority, or most of the population. Recently in 1971 the Jewish community in Montreal reached 109,480 higher. Political and economic uncertainty caused many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.
Economy
Montreal has the second largest economy in Canadian cities by GDP and largest in Quebec. By 2014, the Montreal Metropolitan is responsible for C $ 118.7 billion from Quebec C $ 340.7 billion of GDP. The city is now a center of trade, finance, industry, technology, culture, world affairs, and the headquarters of the Montreal Exchange. In recent decades, the city is widely viewed as weaker than the city of Toronto and other major Canadian cities, but has recently experienced a resurgence.
Industries include aerospace, electronic goods, pharmaceuticals, printed matter, software engineering, telecommunications, textile and apparel manufacturing, tobacco, petrochemical, and transportation. The service sector is also strong and includes civil engineering, mechanics and processes, finance, higher education, as well as research and development. In 2002, Montreal was the fourth largest center in North America in terms of aerospace work. Port of Montreal is one of the largest land ports in the world that handles 26 million tons of cargo each year. As one of Canada's most important ports, it remains a transshipment point for grains, sugar, petroleum products, machinery, and consumer goods. For this reason, Montreal is Canada's railroad and has always been a very important rail city; it is home to the headquarters of Canada's National Railway, and was home to the Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters until 1995.
The headquarters of the Canadian Space Agency is located in Longueuil, southeast of Montreal. Montreal also hosts the headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, UN agency); World Anti-Doping Agency (an Olympic body); the Airports Council International (association of the world airport - ACI World); The International Air Transport Association (IATA), IATA Operational Safety Audit, and the International Gay and Lesbian Trade Chamber (IGLCC), as well as several other international organizations in various fields.
Montreal is a center for film and television production. The Alliance Films headquarters and five Academy Award-winning documentary producers, the National Film Board of Canada are in the city, as well as Telefilm Canada headquarters, the national film and television funding agency and TÃÆ'Â © lÃÆ' Â © vision de Radio-Canada. Given the eclectic architecture and wide availability of movie services and crew members, Montreal is a popular filming location for long films, and sometimes stands for European locations. The city is also home to many recognized cultural, film and music festivals (Only For Laughter, Just For Laughing Gags, Montreal International Jazz Festival, Montreal World Film Festival, and others), which contribute significantly to its economy. It is also home to one of the world's largest cultural companies, Cirque du Soleil.
The video game industry has grown rapidly in Montreal since 1997, coinciding with the opening of Ubisoft Montreal. Recently, the city has attracted the world's leading developers and publishers of game publishers such as EA, Eidos Interactive, BioWare, Artificial Mind and Movement, Strategy First, THQ, Gameloft mainly due to the quality of the local specialized workforce, and the tax credit offered to the company -company. Recently, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, a division of Warner Bros., announced that it will open a video game studio. Relatively new to the video game industry, it will be Warner Bros.'s first studio opened, not purchased, and will develop games for Warner Bros. franchises like Batman and other games from their DC Comics portfolio. Studio will create 300 jobs.
Montreal plays an important role in the financial industry. This sector employs about 100,000 people in the Greater Montreal Area. In March 2018, Montreal was ranked 13th in the Global Financial Center Index, ranking the competitiveness of financial centers around the world. The city is home to the Montreal Stock Exchange, Canada's oldest stock exchange and the only financial derivatives exchange in the country. The corporate headquarters of Bank of Montreal and Royal Bank of Canada, the two largest banks in Canada, are in Montreal. While both banks moved their headquarters to Toronto, Ontario, their legal offices remained in Montreal. The city is home to the headquarters of two smaller banks, the National Bank of Canada and the Laurentian Bank of Canada. The Caisse de dà © à © pÃÆ'Â't et placement du QuÃÆ'  © bec, an instutitonal investor manages assets of $ 248 billion CAD, has its main business office in Montreal. Many foreign subsidiaries operating in the financial sector also have offices in Montreal, including HSBC, Aon, SociÃÆ' © tà © Ã,  © rale, BNP Paribas and AXA.
Some companies headquartered in the Greater Montreal Area include Rio Tinto Alcan, Bombardier Inc., Canada National Railway, CGI Group, Air Canada, Air Transat, CAE, Saputo, Cirque du Soleil, Quebecor, Ultramar, Kruger Inc., Jean Coutu Group, Uniprix, Proxim, Domtar, Le ChÃÆ'  ¢ teau, Power Corporation, Cellcom Communications, Bell Canada. Standard Life, Hydro-Qua  © bec, AbitibiBowater, Pratt and Whitney Canada, Molson, Tembec, Canada Steamship Lines, Fednav, Alimentation Couche-Tard, SNC-Lavalin, MEGA Brand, Aeroplan, Agropur, Metro Inc., Laurentian Bank of Canada, National Bank of Canada, Transat AT, Via Rail, Novacam Technologies, SOLABS, Dollarama, Rona and Caisse de dà © à © pÃÆ'Â't et placement du QuÃÆ'  © bec.
The Montreal oil refinery is Canada's largest refining center, with companies such as Petro-Canada, Ultramar, Gulf Oil, Petromont, Ashland Canada, Parachem Petrochemical, Coastal Petrochemicals, Interquisa (Cepsa) Petrochemicals, Nova Chemicals, and more. Shell decided to close the refining center in 2010, dumping hundreds of jobs and causing increased dependence on overseas refineries for eastern Canada.
Culture
Montreal is referred to as "Canadian Cultural Capital" by Monocle magazine. The city is Canada's center for the production of French-language television, radio, theater, film, multimedia, and print publishing. Many Montreal cultural communities have given him a different local culture.
As a city of North America, Montreal shares many cultural characteristics with the rest of the continent. It has a tradition of producing jazz and rock music. The city also produces many talents in the field of visual arts, theater, music, and dance. However, at meetings of French and English traditions, Montreal has developed a unique and respected cultural face. Another distinctive feature of cultural life is the downtown animation, especially during the summer, which is driven by cultural and social events, especially festivals. The largest festival in the city is the Montreal International Jazz Festival, which is the largest jazz festival in the world. Other popular festivals include Just For Laughs (the world's largest comedy festival), Montreal World Film Festival, Les FrancoFolies de Montrà © Ã… ©, Nuits d'Afrique, Montreal Pop, Divers/Cità © ©, FiertÃÆ' © MontrÃÆ' © al and Montreal Fireworks Festival. There are many smaller festivals, with a total of over 100 each year in Montreal.
The heart of classical art culture and the venue for various summer festivals, Place des Arts is a complex of different concert halls and theaters around the large square in the eastern part of the city center. Place des Arts has the headquarters of one of the world's leading orchestras, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra. Orchester Mà © Ã… © tropolitain du Grand Montrà © Ã… © and the chamber orchestra I Musici de MontrÃÆ'  © al are two of Montreal's famous orchestras. Also appearing in Place des Arts is OpÃÆ' © ra de MontrÃÆ'  © al and the main ballet company of the city Les Grands Ballets Canadiens. Internationally recognized avant-garde dance groups such as Compagnie Marie Chouinard, La La La Human Steps, O Vertigo, and Fondation Jean-Pierre Perreault have traveled the world and worked with international popular artists in videos and concerts. The unique choreography of these groups has paved the way for the success of the world famous Cirque du Soleil.
Dubbed the la ville aux cent clochers (city of a hundred towers), Montreal is famous for its churches. As Mark Twain noted, "This is the first time I've been in a city where you can not throw a brick without breaking a church window." The city has four Roman Catholic basilicas: Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, the Notre-Dame Basilica mentioned above, St. Patrick's Basilica, and Saint Joseph's Oratory. The Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the second largest copper dome in the world, after St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Sports
The most popular sport is ice hockey. The professional hockey team, Montreal Canadiens, is one of the Six Original teams of the National Hockey League (NHL), and has won the NHL Championship-record 24 Stanley Cup. The latest Stanley Cup win at Canadiens took place in 1993. They have great competition with Toronto Maple Leafs and Boston Bruins who are both Original Six hockey teams, and with Ottawa Senators, the closest team geographically. The Canadiens have been playing at the Bell Center since 1996. Before that they played at the Montreal Forum.
Alouettes Montreal from the Canadian Football League (CFL) played at Molson Stadium on McGill University campus for their regular season game. The end of the season and playoffs are played at the much larger and closed Olympic Stadium, which also hosts the 2008 Gray Cup. Alouettes has won the Gray Cup seven times, the last in 2010. Alouettes has two periods on hiatus. During the second, the Montreal Machine played in the World League of American Football in 1991 and 1992. The McGill Redmen, Concordia Stingers, and Università © de MontrÃÆ'  © al Carabins played in the CIS university football league.
Montreal has a history of storied baseball. The city was home to the Montreal Royals minor league from the International League until 1960. In 1946 Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color barrier with the Royals in an emotionally difficult year; Robinson is forever grateful for the strong support of local fans. Major League Baseball came to town in the form of Montreal Expos in 1969. They played their game at Jarry Park until moving to the Olympic Stadium in 1977. After 36 years in Montreal, the team moved to Washington, DC in 2005 and re-branded themselves as a resident of Washington.
The Montreal Impact is the city's professional football team. They play in a special soccer stadium called Saputo Stadium. They join the biggest football league in North America, Major League Soccer in 2012. The Montreal game of the FIFA U-20 World Cup and the 2014 FIFA Women's World Cup 2014 are being held at the Olympic Stadium, and the venue for Montreal's 2015 World Cup FIFA Women.
Montreal is the site of high-profile car racing events every year: the Canadian Grand Prix Formula 1 (F1) race. The race takes place at the famous Gilles Villeneuve Circuit in ÃÆ'Žle Notre-Dame. In 2009, the race was dropped from the Formula One calendar, to the disappointment of some fans, but the Canadian Grand Prix returned to the Formula 1 calendar in 2010. Circuit Gilles Villeneuve also hosted the Champ Car World Series from 2002-2007, and was home for NAPA Auto Parts 200, NASCAR Nationwide Series races, and Montrà © Ã… © al 200, a race of the Rolex Grand Am Sport Series.
Uniprix Stadium, built in 1993 at the Jarry Park site, is used for the Rogers Cup men's and women's tennis tournaments. The men's tournament is the 1000 Masters event on the ATP Tour, and the women's tournament is the premier tournament on the WTA Tour. Male and female tournaments take turns between Montreal and Toronto each year.
Montreal hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics. The stadium cost $ 1.5 billion; with flowers swelling to nearly $ 3 billion, and only paid off in December 2006. Montreal also hosted the first World Outgames in the summer of 2006, attracting over 16,000 participants involved in 35 sporting events.
Montreal is the host city for the 17th century world championship and convention (UNICON) in August 2014.
Montreal and the National Basketball Association (NBA) have been in preliminary discussions for franchise expansion located in the city.
Media
Montreal is Canada's second largest media market, and the center of Canada's francophone media industry.
There are four over-the-air English television stations: CBMT-DT (CBC Television), CFCF-DT (CTV), CKMI-DT (Global) and CJNT-DT (City). There are also five over-the-air French television stations: CBFT-DT (Radio-Canada), CFTM-DT (TVA), CFJP-DT (V), CIVM-DT (Tà ©  © là ©  © -Quà ©  © bec), and CFTU-DT (Trash Canal).
Montreal has three daily newspapers, English Montreal Gazette and French Le Journal de MontrÃÆ' Â © al , and Le Devoir ; another French-language daily, La Presse , became an online daily in 2018. There are two free French newspapers, MÃÆ' Â © tro and 24 Heures . Montreal has many weekly tabloids and community newspapers serving different environments, ethnic groups and schools.
Government
The head of the city administration in Montreal is the mayor, the first among equals in the city council.
The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the ultimate decision-making authority in the city, although many powers are centered on the executive committee. The Council consists of 65 members from all districts. The Council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public safety, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, the environment, urban planning, and a three-year capital expenditure program. The Council is required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough board.
Reporting directly to the board, the executive committee uses decision-making powers similar to the cabinet in the parliamentary system and is responsible for preparing documents including the budget and household budget, which are submitted to the board for approval. The decision-making power of the executive committee includes, in particular, awarding contracts or grants, human and financial management, inventory and building. It may also be authorized further by the city council.
The standing committee is the main instrument for public consultation. They are responsible for public studies on pending matters and for making appropriate recommendations to the board. They also review annual budget estimates for departments under their jurisdiction. A public meeting notification is published in French and English daily newspapers at least seven days before each meeting. All meetings include public question periods. The standing committee, which has seven, has a term of two years. In addition, the City Council may decide to create a special committee at any time. Each standing committee consists of seven to nine members, including the chairman and vice chairman. Members of all elected municipal officials, with the exception of representatives of the Quebec government on the public security committee.
The city is only one component of the larger Montreal Metropolitan Community (Communautà ©  © MÃÆ' © tropolitaine de MontrÃÆ' © al, CMM), responsible for planning, coordinating and financing economic development, public transport, garbage collection and waste management , etc., in the metropolitan area. President CMM is the mayor of Montreal. CMM covers 4,360 square kilometers (1,680 sq mi), with 3.6 million inhabitants in 2006.
Montreal is the center of Montreal's judicial district, which includes cities and other communities on the island.
Crime
The overall crime rate in Montreal has declined, with some exceptions, with murder at its lowest level since 1972 (23 murders by 2016). Sex crime increased by 14.5 percent between 2015 and 2016 and fraud cases increased 13 percent over the same period. The main criminal organizations active in Montreal are the criminal families of Rizzuto, Hells Angels and West End Gang.
Education
With four universities, seven other awarding institutions, and 12 CEGEP within a radius of 8 kilometers (5.0 million), Montreal has the highest concentration of post-secondary students from all major cities in North America (4.38 students per 100 population, followed by Boston in 4.37 students per 100 population).
- Higher education (UK)
- McGill University is one of Canada's leading post-secondary institutions, and is widely regarded as a world-class institution. By 2015, McGill was ranked as Canada's finest University for the 11th consecutive year by Macleans, and as the best University in Canada; The 24th best university in the world, by QS World University Rankings.
- Concordia University was formed from the merger of Sir George Williams University and Loyola College in 1974.
Higher education (France)
- Università © à © de MontrÃÆ' © al (UdeM) is Canada's second largest research university and ranks as one of the best universities in Canada. Two separate institutions affiliated with the university: Polytechnic de MontrÃÆ' © al (Technical School) and HEC MontrÃÆ' © al (Business School). HEC Montreal was founded in 1907 and is considered one of the best business schools in Canada. The Università © du Quà © Ã… © bec ÃÆ' MontrÃÆ'  © al ( UQaM ) is the Montreal campus Università © du Quà © à © bec . UQaM generally specializes in liberal arts, although many science-related programs are available.
- The Università ©  © du QuÃÆ'  © bec network also has three schools run separately in Montrà © Ã… ©, especially the ÃÆ'â € ° ÃÆ'â € cole de technologie supÃÆ'  © rieure (ETS) , ÃÆ' â € ° cole nationale d'administration publique (ÃÆ' â € ° NAP) and National Institute de la recherche scientifique (INRS) .
- L'Institut de formation thà © ologique de MontrÃÆ'  © al des PrÃÆ'ªtres de Saint-Sulpice ( IFTM ) specializes in theology and philosophy.
- Le Conservatoire de Musique de MontrÃÆ' Â © al offers Bachelor and Magister programs in classical music.
In addition, two French-speaking universities, Università © de Sherbrooke and Università © Laval have campuses in the nearby suburb of Longueuil on the southern coast of Montreal. Also, I Pastorale des Dominicains Institute is the center of Montreal university at Ottawa's CollÃÆ'¨ge Universitaire Dominicain/Dominican University College. The Facultà © à © de thÃÆ'  © ologie © vangÃÆ'  © lique is Nova Scotia's Acadia University Montreal based serving the French Protestant community in Canada by offering undergraduate and Masters programs in theology
The education system in Quebec differs from other systems in North America. Between high school (ending in 11th grade) and students have to go through an additional school called CEGEP. CEGEP offers pre-university (2-year) and technical (3-year) programs. In Montreal, seventeen CEGEP offers French and five English courses.
English language and public secondary schools on Montreal Island are operated by the British Montreal School Board and Lester B. Pearson School Board. The French-speaking public elementary and secondary schools in Montreal are operated by the Commission of Scolaire de Montrà © al (CSDM), the Marguerite-Bourgeoys scolaire Commission (CSMB) and the Scolaire Pointe-de-l'Æ'Žle (CSPI) Commission.
Transportation
Like many other big cities, Montreal has problems with vehicle traffic jams. The round-trip traffic from cities and towns on the West Island (like Dollard-des-Ormeaux and Pointe-Claire) is aggravated by commuters entering the city that uses twenty-four intersections of many suburbs on the outer islands of the Coast North and South.. Saint Lawrence River Wide has made the construction of a fixed connection to the expensive and difficult southern coast. There are currently four road bridges (including two busiest cities) along with one bridge tunnel, two railway bridges, and one Metro line. Riverbare des Prairies is much narrower to the north of the city, separating Montreal from Laval, stretched by nine road bridges (seven to the city of Laval and two that stretch directly to the north coast) and Metro lines.
The island of Montreal is central to the Quebec Autoroute system, and is served by Quebec Autoroutes A-10 (known as Bonaventure Expressway on the island of Montreal), A-15 (aka Decarie Expressway south A-40 and Laurentian Autoroute to the north), A-13 (aka Chomedey Autoroute), A-20, A-25, A-40 (part of the Trans-Canada Highway system, known as "The Metropolitan" or "The Met" in the central part of the elevated city), A-520, and A-720 (aka Ville-Marie Autoroute). Many of these Autoroute are often crowded during peak hours. However, in recent years, the government has acknowledged this problem and is working on a long-term solution to reduce congestion. One example is the extension of Autoroute 30 Quebec on the southern coast of Montreal, which will serve as a bypass.
SociÃÆ'Â © tÃÆ' Â © de transport de MontrÃÆ' Â © al
Local public transport is served by bus, subway, and commuter train networks extending to and from the island. The subway and bus system is operated by Socià © à © tÃÆ'  © de transportation de MontrÃÆ' © al (STM). The bus network of STM consists of 197 day and 20 night routes. The bus route STM serves 1,347,900 passengers on an average business day in 2010. It also provides customized, transportable and wheeled buses. STM won the award for the Exceptional Public Transit System in North America by APTA in 2010. This is the first time a Canadian company has won this prize.
Metro was inaugurated in 1966 and has 68 stations on four lines. This is Canada's second busiest rail system in total daily passenger usage, serving 1,050,800 passengers on an average work day (in Q1 2010). Each station is designed by different architects with their respective themes and displays original artwork, and trains run on rubber tires, making the system quieter than most. The project was initiated by Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau, who later brought the Summer Olympics to Montreal in 1976. The Metro system has long had a station in South Shore in Longueuil, and in 2007 it expanded to the city of Laval, north of Montreal, with three stations new.
Air
Montreal has two international airports, one for passengers only, the other for cargo. Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (also known as Dorval Airport) in Dorval City serves all commercial passenger traffic and is the headquarters of Air Canada and Air Transat. To the north of the city is Montreal Mirabel International Airport in Mirabel, which is envisioned as Montreal's main airport but now serves cargo flights along with MEDEVACs and general aviation and some passenger services. By 2015, Trudeau is the third busiest airport in Canada with passenger and fourth traffic by aircraft movements, handling 15.5 million passengers, and 232,648 aircraft movements. With 60.8% of passengers on non-domestic flights, it has the largest percentage of international flights from any Canadian airport. Trudeau Airport is served by 40 operators to more than 100 destinations worldwide.
Airlines serving Trudeau offer flights to Europe, the United States, West Asia, Middle East, Central America, the Caribbean, Africa, Mexico and other destinations in Canada and contain the largest duty-free shop in North America.
Rel
Montreal-based Via Rail provides train services to other cities in Canada, in particular to Quebec City and Toronto throughout Quebec City - Windsor Corridor. Amtrak, the US national passenger train system, operates Adirondack daily to New York. All intercity trains and most commuter trains operate at Central Station.
The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, was founded here in 1881. Its corporate headquarters occupied Windsor Station at 910 Peel Street until 1995. With Port of Montreal open year-round by ice breakers, the route to Eastern Canada became a surplus, and now Montreal is an eastern and intermodal rail transport terminal. CPR connects in Montreal with the Port of Montreal, Delaware and Hudson Trains to New York, Quebec Gatineau Train to Quebec City and Buckingham, Maine Central and Quebec Train to Halifax, and CN Rail. The CPR flagship, The Canadian , runs daily from Windsor Station to Vancouver, but all passenger services have been transferred to Via Rail Canada. Since 1990, Canada has ended in Toronto.
The Canada-based National Railway (CN) was formed in 1919 by the Canadian government after a series of railroad bankruptcies across the country. It is formed from North Trunk, Midland, and Canadian Northern Railways, and has risen to become CPR's main rival in Canadian freight cars. Like CPR, CN has escaped from passenger services for the sake of Via Rail Canada. The flagship train CN, Super Continental , operates daily from Central Station to Vancouver and then becomes VIA train in the late 1970s. It was eliminated in 1990 in favor of changing the route of Canada .
The commuter train system is managed and operated by RÃÆ'Â © seau de transport mÃÆ'Â Â © tropolitain, and reaches the remote areas of Great Montreal with six lanes. It carries an average of 79,000 passengers a day by 2014, making it the seventh busiest in North America following New York, Chicago, Toronto, Boston, Philadelphia and Mexico City.
On April 22, 2016, the newly automated transit system that was recently planned, RÃÆ' © seau express mà ©  © tropolitain, has been unveiled. The 67-kilometer (42-mile) network, comprised of three branches and 27 stations, is planned to be completed by mid-2021 and will be the third largest rapid transit auto network, after Dubai Metro and Vancouver Skytrain. Most will be funded by pension fund manager Caisse de dÃÆ'  © pÃÆ'Â't et placement du QuÃÆ'  © bec.
Famous people
International relations
Twin towns and twin cities
Montreal has twin cities:
Cities of friendship:
- Paris , France - 2006
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Official website
- Media associated with Postcard Montreal on Wikimedia Commons
- Official Montreal Tour Web Site
- Montreal travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Webcam Montreal
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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